19 Jul Collective Security in International Relations
Collective Security in International Relations: Essential Concept for UPSC CSE
Collective Security is a cornerstone concept in International Relations (IR), prominently featured in the UPSC Civil Services Examination, particularly in General Studies Paper 2 (GS II). It offers insights into global governance, international cooperation, and peacekeeping.
What is Collective Security?
Collective Security refers to an international arrangement wherein all participating states agree to mutual protection against aggression or threats. Unlike alliances formed against a specific adversary, collective security targets aggression itself, irrespective of the aggressor’s identity. Its goal is international peace, maintained by the joint effort of all member states.
Principles of Collective Security
- Universality: All states, irrespective of power or size, are participants.
- Mutual Commitment: An attack against one is considered an attack against all.
- Non-Discrimination: Collective response irrespective of who the aggressor is.
- Deterrence: A unified global stance intended to deter potential aggressors.
Historical Development
The modern idea of Collective Security took shape after World War I through the League of Nations, established in 1919. Although unsuccessful due to structural weaknesses, the concept persisted and found stronger institutionalization in the United Nations established after World War II in 1945.
Examples of Collective Security
- League of Nations (1919): An early but flawed attempt at collective security post-WWI.
- United Nations (1945-present): The strongest contemporary example of collective security, with mechanisms like Security Council interventions and peacekeeping missions.
- NATO’s Article 5: An attack on one NATO member is considered an attack on all, exemplifying collective defense (a subset of collective security).
Collective Security vs Collective Defense
| Aspect | Collective Security | Collective Defense |
|---|---|---|
| Target | Any aggressor state | Specific external threats |
| Membership | Universal participation | Exclusive alliances (e.g., NATO) |
| Example | United Nations | NATO’s Article 5 |
| Objective | Global peace & stability | Mutual defense against common threats |
India and Collective Security
- UN Peacekeeping: India is among the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions, advocating collective security.
- Support for Multilateralism: India’s active role in promoting global cooperation through platforms like the UN, G20, and BRICS aligns with collective security principles.
- Anti-Terror Initiatives: India’s global efforts against terrorism reflect its commitment to collective security ideals.
Importance of Collective Security for Global Peace
- Provides a mechanism to address international conflicts peacefully.
- Encourages international cooperation and reduces unilateralism.
- Helps smaller states feel secure, promoting global stability.
Criticisms of Collective Security
- Ineffectiveness: Challenges in implementing collective action promptly.
- Great Power Politics: Dominant states influence decisions, reducing impartiality.
- Selective Enforcement: Application of collective security principles can sometimes be politically biased.
Past UPSC Questions Related to Collective Security
- 2020: Critically evaluate the effectiveness of collective security mechanisms in the contemporary international scenario.
- 2018: Discuss India’s contributions to collective security under the United Nations framework.
- 2015: Examine the role of UN peacekeeping operations in maintaining collective security.
Probable UPSC Questions on Collective Security
- Explain the concept of Collective Security. How effective is the UN Security Council in achieving collective security?
- Analyze India’s role and significance in the context of global collective security mechanisms.
- Discuss the challenges facing collective security in addressing non-state threats such as terrorism.
Flowchart: Collective Security Process (for UPSC Aspirants)
- Identification of aggression by international community.
- Consultation and consensus among member states (e.g., UN Security Council).
- Determination of collective action (sanctions, diplomatic pressure, military intervention).
- Implementation by international forces (e.g., peacekeeping operations).
- Resolution and restoration of peace and order.
Conclusion
Collective security remains crucial to maintaining international order and peace. While facing criticisms and operational challenges, the concept remains indispensable, particularly in contemporary geopolitics characterized by interdependence. For UPSC aspirants, grasping collective security provides a strategic lens to analyze India’s foreign policy and international peace mechanisms effectively.
Keywords: Collective Security, UPSC GS2 IR, UN Peacekeeping, NATO, Multilateralism, India’s foreign policy
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