EXPLANATION: 

• Apartheid was a system of institutionalized racial segregation that existed in South Africa and southwest Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. It was not racial discrimination. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• Apartheid was a system of institutionalized legal where the people were treated with two separate legal systems. White was treated with liberal rule and Black was treated with oppressive rule. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election. Hence, statement 3 is also correct. 

EXPLANATION: 

• Desmond Mpilo Tutu was a South African Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist. He was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop of Cape Town from 1986 to 1996, in both cases being the first black African to hold the position. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• He was a Nobel Laureate who had won Nobel by 1984 and it highlighted his stature as one of the world's most effective champions for human rights, a responsibility he took seriously for the rest of his life. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• He has never been associated with the South African Congress. Even Though, on many occasions, he criticized congress. He was a priest. Hence, statement 4 is incorrect. 
• He appealed to the world community on the ground of humanism for the sanction over the Apartheid. Hence, statement 3 is correct. 

EXPLANATION: 

• V.B Patel is also entitled Iron man because of his contribution in uniting India and taking strict decisions in this regard (Decision of military action in Hyderabad state and Junagadh State). Besides, on many occasions, he took strict decisions. Hence statement 1 is correct. 
• At the time of independence of India, He wanted to unite India under extreme centralization and gradually he wanted to give more liberty to the province. Initially, he advocated extreme centralization. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• He was a very liberal and secular person. He never supported Hindu or Muslim extremism. Hence, statement 3 is also incorrect. 
• During the formation of the Indian constitution. Patel was appointed as the head of the provincial constitution Committee. He never wanted to give the maximum right to the province. Hence, statement 4 is also correct. 

EXPLANATION: 

• Indian troops supported by naval and airforce invaded Goa on 18 Dec 1961 and declared an integral part of India. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect and statement 3 is correct. 
• When Goa was annexed, at that time V. B. was not alive. Hence, statement 2 is also incorrect. 
• During the medieval era, Bahmany invaded this region and in this way Islam reached here Portuguese captured Goa in 1510 under the leadership of Alfonso de Albuqark, even though Dutch also seized goa much time but when the British made an alliance with the Portuguese, Goa was brought under the direct control of Portuguese authority and Bombay was given to British. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

EXPLANATION:

• In 1510 under the leadership of Alfonso de Albuqark, Goa was brought under the control of the Portuguese. Mughal invaded India in 1526 when Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect. 
• Alfonso de Albuqark was the governor when Goa was brought under Portuguese rule. Almeida was the first Portuguese governor. Hence, statement 2 is also incorrect. 
• During the British period, Goa was directly under the control of Portugal and administered by Lisbon. It was not a princely state. Hence statement 3 is also incorrect.
• All three territories Goa, Daman, Diu subsequently became part of India. Goa became a state in 1987. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

EXPLANATION: 

• The union law minister Kiran Rijiju introduced Election Laws (Amendment )Bill 2021 in Loksabha on 20th Dec 2021 and finally, Loksabha passes Bill to link electoral rolls with Aadhar and It empowers the electoral officer to demand aadhar number of the people who want to enroll themselves in voter list. Although it is voluntary. Hence statement 1 is correct and statement 4 is incorrect.
• In India, there are many flaws in our electoral system that should be addressed by our lawmakers. Among those flaws, one big flaw is that the same person could be enrolled in voter lists from multiple constituencies and there is no mechanism to prevent such type discrepancies. In this bill, the radar card of the voter would be linked with the voter card so that the enrolment of one person in multiple constituencies could be stopped. Hence statements 2 and 3 are correct. 

EXPLANATION: 

There are several grievances of the opposition regarding this bill like: 

• The privacy of individuals may be affected. The aadhar card could be used as the source for getting personal data of the person. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• The procedure of the passing of this bill. This bill should be passed after a big debate in the parliament and even after the debate in the public also. Because it is related to democracy therefore it must be passed through proper democratic manners. 
• Voting is a legal right and Aadhar is beyond legal right. If anybody does not have an Aadhar card can not be deprived of voting rights. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• It is against the Supreme Court judgment in the Puttaswamy case. Hence, statement 3 is also correct. 

EXPLANATION:

• Kerala silver line is a project of a high-speed railway. It would be run through Kerala Rail Development Corporation (K-Rail). Kerala Rail Development Corporation (K-Rail) is a joint venture of the Kerala government and the ministry of railway, the government of India. Dr. V. B Joy is the Chairman of the K-Rail. Hence, statements 2 and 4 are correct. 
• It would be run by K rail, not by Indian Railways. Hence, statement 3 is also incorrect.
• The Kerala silver line is the initiative of the Government of Kerala. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect. 

EXPLANATION: 

• Many people are protesting against this project and they alleged that the government had done corruption in the land acquisition and the proper rulers were not followed by the government and this project would lead to the displacement of a huge population of approximately 30000 families. Hence, statement 2 is correct. 
• In the sight of the protesters, this project is not economically viable and it will face a huge loss in the future. Because the people of these regions are not too rich. Hence, statement 1 is also correct.
• This project will harm the environment as its route cuts through precious wetland, paddy fields, and hills. Hence, statement 3 is correct. 
• The embankment would be another reason for the flood in the rainy season. Hence statement 4 is also correct. 

EXPLANATION: 

• A high-level committee, headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has been constituted to commemorate the 125th birth anniversary celebrations of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, starting January 23. Hence, statement 1 is correct. 
• The 85-member committee — which includes no less than 10 central ministers and seven chief ministers — will decide on the activities for a year-long commemoration.

Besides the PM, ministers and parliamentarians, its members also include distinguished citizens, historians, authors, experts, family members of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, as well as eminent persons associated with Azad Hind Fauj (INA), says a statement issued by the Ministry of Culture. The names also feature actors Kajol and Mithun Chakrabarty, musician AR Rahman, cricketer Sourav Ganguly, and Medanta chairman Ravi Kasliwal. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

EXPLANATION: 

• The concept of good government is related to several features of governance. These features are participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive, and following the rule of law. In good governance, corruption must be minimum and the transparency of the government must be maximum. Responsibility and accountability are other features of good governance. In the Indian Context, our maximum governance must be transparent through the use of technology and through strengthening RTI acts. Hence, statements 1 and 2 are correct.
• In democratic countries, the rule of Law based on equality must be implemented properly. Hate speeches must be strictly prohibited because they could create conflict in society and the Government should never tolerate such speeches. Offenders of such crimes should be treated strictly. Hence, statement 3 is correct 
• Equity and inclusiveness are also important tools to achieve good governance. No portion of society should be left behind in the process of development. It also should be ensured by the government. Hence, statement 4 is correct.

EXPLANATION: 

• Recently petitioner seeks from Supreme Court that “No PSUs should be excluded from producing any vaccine or from government vaccine procurement, as long as quality and affordability are ensured.
• But that has not happened and these vaccine manufacturing facilities that were catering to 80-85% of the demand prior to their suspension continued to languish wastefully despite their modernization and capacity expansion. India is home to the oldest vaccine PSUs, with 25 of them set up under the British Raj. By the 1980s, 29 PSUs were set up with the sole objective of self-reliance and self-sufficiency in vaccine production for the Universal Immunisation Programme.
• Bharat Biologicals and Immunologicals Ltd, Indian Institute of Immunologicals, Central research institute in Kasauli, Pasteur Institute of India in Coonoor, BCG vaccine laboratory are the central level PSUs for vaccination. During this pandemic, the government should revive these PSUs to tackle the COVID Virus. Hence, option (d) is correct.