Weekly Current Affairs: Quizzes, 19 to 24 June, 2023

Explanation:

• Phonons are not actual particles but rather quasiparticles. They are collective vibrations or oscillations of atoms in a crystal lattice. These vibrations propagate through the solid and carry energy in the form of heat and sound. While phonons exhibit some particle-like behavior, they are fundamentally different from individual particles. Thus, statement 1 is not correct.
• Phonons represent the quantized energy and momentum associated with the lattice vibrations of atoms in a crystal. They arise due to the interactions between neighboring atoms in the solid, causing them to oscillate in a coordinated manner. The behavior of phonons is governed by the crystal structure and the properties of the material. Thus, statement 2 is correct.
• Phonons can exist at any temperature, including absolute zero (0 Kelvin). However, the population and energy distribution of phonons change with temperature. At absolute zero, the thermal energy is minimal, and phonons exhibit their lowest energy state, known as the ground state. Thus, statement 3 is not correct.
• Phonons contribute significantly to the thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of materials. They carry heat energy through the lattice vibrations, influencing how efficiently a material conducts heat. Similarly, in certain materials, phonons can scatter and interact with charge carriers, affecting the electrical conductivity. Thus, statement 4 is correct.
• The energy of a phonon is proportional to its frequency, but not directly. The relationship between energy and frequency depends on the specific dispersion relation of phonons in a particular material. In some cases, the energy-frequency relationship may be linear, while in others, it can be more complex. Thus, statement 5 is not correct.

Explanation:

• NIXI operates as a not-for-profit company under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013. It is governed by a Board of Directors and functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) of the Government of India. Thus, statement 1 is correct.
• NIXI acts as a neutral Internet Exchange Point (IXP) that allows ISPs in India to connect and exchange internet traffic within the country. By providing a common platform for ISPs, NIXI enhances the efficiency of internet connectivity and reduces dependence on international links for domestic internet traffic. Thus, statement 2 is correct.
• NIXI is responsible for managing and operating the .in ccTLD registry, which represents India's online presence on the internet. It oversees the registration and administration of domain names ending with in, as well as other Indian ccTLDs like bharat Thus, statement 3 is correct.
• NIXI plays an active role in promoting the use of internet technologies across India. It offers various internet-related services, such as Internet Protocol (IP) address allocation and management, Domain Name System (DNS) services, and internet peering. These services help individuals and organizations establish and enhance their internet presence and connectivity. Thus, statement 4 is correct.

Explanation:

• CDSCO serves as the primary regulatory body in India for overseeing the approval, manufacturing, import, distribution, and sale of pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of these products. Thus, statements 1 and 2  are  correct.
• CDSCO functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. The ministry provides oversight and guidance to CDSCO in carrying out its regulatory responsibilities. Thus, statement 3 is correct.
• CDSCO is involved in the evaluation and approval process for new drugs and medical devices in India. It reviews data from clinical trials and other relevant information to assess the safety, efficacy, and quality of these products before granting approvals for their marketing and use in the country. Thus, statement 4 is correct.
• One of CISCO's primary objectives is to ensure that drugs and medical devices available in India meet the required quality, safety, and efficacy standards. It establishes guidelines, regulations, and standards for the industry, conducts inspections, and takes regulatory actions to maintain the quality and safety of these products. Thus, statement 5 is correct.
• CDSCO serves as the primary regulatory body in India for overseeing the approval, manufacturing, import, distribution, and sale of pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices. It plays a crucial role in ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of these products. Thus, statements 1 and 2  are  correct.
• CDSCO functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. The ministry provides oversight and guidance to CDSCO in carrying out its regulatory responsibilities. Thus, statement 3 is correct.
• CDSCO is involved in the evaluation and approval process for new drugs and medical devices in India. It reviews data from clinical trials and other relevant information to assess the safety, efficacy, and quality of these products before granting approvals for their marketing and use in the country. Thus, statement 4 is correct.
• One of CISCO's primary objectives is to ensure that drugs and medical devices available in India meet the required quality, safety, and efficacy standards. It establishes guidelines, regulations, and standards for the industry, conducts inspections, and takes regulatory actions to maintain the quality and safety of these products. Thus, statement 5 is correct.

Explanation:

• The Gandhi Peace Prize is an annual award established by the Indian government to honor individuals or organizations that have made significant contributions to promoting peace and non-violence. Thus, statement 1 is correct.
• The Gandhi Peace Prize was established in 1995 to commemorate the 125th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, the iconic leader of India's freedom struggle and a symbol of peace and non-violence. Thus, statement 2 is correct.
• The recipient of the Gandhi Peace Prize is awarded a cash reward of ₹1 crore (10 million) along with a citation as a token of recognition for their exceptional efforts in promoting peace. Thus, statement 3 is correct.
• Although Nelson Mandela was a prominent advocate of peace and non-violence, he was not the first recipient of the Gandhi Peace Prize. The first recipient of the award was Julius Nyerere, the former President of Tanzania, in 1995.Thus, statement 4 is not correct.

Explanation:

• In humans, the presence of two X chromosomes (XX) typically leads to the development of a female, while the presence of one X and one Y chromosome (XY) typically leads to the development of a male.Thus, statement 1 is correct.
•  In humans, females have two X chromosomes (XX), inherited from both parents, while males have one X chromosome (inherited from the mother) and one Y chromosome (inherited from the father).Thus, statement 2 is correct.
• The Y chromosome carries genes responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics. These genes trigger the production of hormones and the development of reproductive organs and secondary sexual characteristics specific to males.Thus, statement 3 is correct.
•  X-linked genetic disorders are caused by mutations in genes located on the X chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, they are more likely to be affected by X-linked disorders if they inherit the mutated gene. Females, on the other hand, have two X chromosomes, and if they inherit a mutated gene on one X chromosome, the normal gene on the other X chromosome can compensate to some extent.Thus, statement 4 is correct.
• Turner syndrome, also known as Monosomy X, is a genetic disorder that occurs in females. It is caused by the complete or partial absence of one X chromosome (45, X), not the presence of an additional Y chromosome. Turner syndrome can lead to various medical and developmental issues.Thus, statement 5 is not correct.

Explanation:

• Dengue fever is caused by the Dengue virus, which is a member of the Flaviviridae family. The virus is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes.Thus, statement 1 is correct.
• The primary mode of transmission of the Dengue virus is through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly the Aedes aegypti species. These mosquitoes become infected with the virus when they feed on a person who has Dengue fever and then transmit it to other individuals when they bite them.Thus, statement 2 is correct.
• A person infected with one serotype of the Dengue virus does not develop lifelong immunity to all other serotypes. In fact, subsequent infections with different serotypes can increase the risk of severe Dengue fever due to a phenomenon called antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), where antibodies from a previous infection enhance the severity of the subsequent infection.Thus, statement 3 is not correct.

Explanation: 

• The Miyawaki method is a unique afforestation technique developed by Dr. Akira Miyawaki, a renowned Japanese botanist. It aims to establish dense forests in a relatively short period, typically within 20 to 30 years. The method has gained popularity worldwide for its effectiveness in restoring degraded ecosystems and promoting biodiversity. Thus, statement 1 is correct.
• The Miyawaki method emphasizes planting a diverse range of native tree species in a small area, often with high tree density. By closely planting different species, the method mimics the natural structure and diversity found in mature forests. This approach encourages ecological balance, enhances the resilience of the forest ecosystem, and supports the growth of various plant and animal species. Thus, statement 2 is correct.
• One of the key features of the Miyawaki method is its ability to create self-sustaining forests with minimal irrigation requirements. The technique relies on careful selection of indigenous tree species that are well-adapted to the local climate and soil conditions. These species are typically hardy and can thrive with minimal water inputs once they become established. The method also emphasizes the use of organic matter and mulching to retain soil moisture and promote healthy growth. Thus, statement 3 is not correct.

Explanation:

• Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) is a modern method of rice cultivation where rice seeds are directly sown in the field instead of first raising seedlings in a nursery and then transplanting them. In DSR, the rice seeds are broadcasted or drilled into the prepared field, eliminating the need for labor-intensive nursery activities. This method allows for direct establishment of rice plants in the field. Thus, statement 1 is correct.
• DSR is known to be more water-efficient compared to traditional transplanting methods of rice cultivation. In traditional methods, rice seedlings are transplanted into puddled fields, which require continuous flooding to keep the seedlings submerged. On the other hand, DSR allows for dry or semi-dry direct seeding, reducing the water requirements significantly. The reduced water consumption in DSR makes it an environmentally sustainable method and a potential solution for areas facing water scarcity. Thus, statement 2 is correct.
• DSR is well-suited for rainfed areas with limited water availability. By reducing water consumption, DSR allows farmers in rainfed regions to cultivate rice even during periods of inadequate rainfall or limited access to irrigation water. This method offers a more efficient utilization of available water resources and reduces the dependency on irrigation facilities, making it an attractive option for regions with erratic rainfall patterns or limited water supplies. Thus, statement 3 is correct.
• Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) does not necessarily increase the risk of weed infestation when compared to traditional transplanting methods. In fact, DSR can potentially offer better weed control when appropriate weed management practices are implemented. By using appropriate herbicides, timely weed control measures, and good crop establishment techniques, the risk of weed infestation can be effectively managed in DSR. Proper agronomic practices and weed control strategies are crucial for successful implementation of DSR and to minimize weed competition with the rice crop. Thus, statement 4 is not correct.

Explanation:

• Urban Heat Islands refer to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than their surrounding rural areas. The heat is trapped and retained by the urban infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, and concrete surfaces. Thus, statement 1 is correct.
• Human activities associated with urbanization, such as the construction of buildings, pavement, and the increased use of air conditioning, contribute to the UHI effect. These factors alter the land surface and reduce natural cooling processes, leading to higher temperatures. Thus, statement 2 is correct.
• The UHI effect can have various negative consequences. Higher temperatures in urban areas increase the demand for energy for cooling purposes. Additionally, UHI can worsen air pollution due to the trapping of pollutants. The elevated temperatures also increase the risk of heat-related illnesses and heat stress among residents. Thus, statement 3 is correct.
• While the UHI effect is generally more noticeable during the day, it is not solely dependent on solar radiation. The heat retained by urban infrastructure and the absence of vegetation contribute to the persistence of higher temperatures even at night.Thus, statement 4 is not correct.
• The presence of green spaces, trees, and vegetation in urban areas can help mitigate the UHI effect. Vegetation provides shade, evaporative cooling, and transpiration, reducing surface temperatures and creating a more pleasant and comfortable urban environment. Thus, statement 5 is correct.

Explanation:

• Drip pricing refers to a pricing strategy employed by businesses where additional fees or charges are gradually revealed or added to the advertised price of a product or service. It involves breaking down the total cost into multiple components that are disclosed to customers incrementally, often during the purchasing process . The initial advertised price may appear attractive and lower than the actual total cost, but as the customer progresses through the buying process, additional charges or fees are disclosed, leading to an overall higher price than anticipated.
• The additional charges or fees in drip pricing can vary and may include service fees, processing fees, delivery charges, taxes, or surcharges. These extra costs may not be prominently displayed or clearly communicated upfront, potentially creating confusion and making it difficult for consumers to accurately compare prices and make informed purchasing decisions.
• The practice of drip pricing can be observed in various industries, including travel and hospitality, e-commerce, telecommunications, and financial services. For example, in the travel industry, a hotel may advertise a room at a discounted rate but then add resort fees, parking charges, or other mandatory fees during the booking or check-out process. Similarly, in e-commerce, additional shipping or handling fees may be revealed only after the customer has already added items to their cart.

Explanation:

• GIAHS aims to identify and safeguard agricultural systems that have important cultural, ecological, and agricultural heritage significance. These systems are often deeply rooted in local communities and have sustainable agricultural practices that have been developed and preserved over generations.
• One of the primary objectives of GIAHS is to promote sustainable agricultural practices. GIAHS sites serve as models for sustainable agriculture, showcasing the use of traditional knowledge, biodiversity conservation, and environmentally friendly practices.Thus, statement 1 is correct.
• GIAHS sites can be found in both developed and developing countries. They are selected based on their unique agricultural heritage value and their potential to contribute to sustainable development.Thus, statement 2 is not correct.
• GIAHS designation is not limited to individual farms but encompasses entire agricultural systems or landscapes. The focus is not solely on productivity and economic value but on the holistic value of the system, including cultural, ecological, and sustainable agricultural aspects.Thus, statement 3 is not correct.
• While GIAHS acknowledges the importance of preserving traditional agricultural practices, it also recognizes the need to address modern agricultural challenges. GIAHS sites often serve as platforms for innovation and the integration of traditional knowledge with modern techniques to address issues such as climate change, food security, and sustainable development. Thus, statement 4 is not correct.

Explanation:

• OPEC+ is an alliance between the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and non-OPEC oil-producing countries. It aims to cooperate and manage oil production levels to influence global oil prices and maintain stability in the market. OPEC+ includes all the member countries of OPEC, such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Iran, and Venezuela, along with non-OPEC oil-producing nations, including Russia, Kazakhstan, and others. The purpose of this alliance is to create a unified approach to oil production and pricing. Thus, statement 1 is correct.
• The primary objective of OPEC+ is not to increase oil production to meet global demand and lower oil prices. Instead, its main objective is to manage and stabilize oil prices by adjusting production levels collectively among member countries.Thus, statement 2 is not correct.
• OPEC+ does not operate under the leadership of the United States, nor are its policies primarily driven by American interests. OPEC+ functions as an independent organization with decision-making processes that involve consensus among its member countries. Thus, statement 3 is not correct.