Weekly Current Affairs: Quizzes, 27 November 02 December, 2023

EXPLANATION:

AstroSat Overview:

It is India’s first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, representing the country's first specialized astronomy mission focused on studying celestial sources across X-ray, optical, and UV spectral bands simultaneously. Launched on September 28, 2015, aboard the Indian PSLV from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, it operates in a 650 km orbit with a 6-degree inclination to the equator. Hence option (C) is correct.

Technical Details:

• Lift-off mass: 1515 kg
• Launch vehicle: PSLV
• Orbit: 650 km, inclined at 6 degrees

Mission Control:

• The spacecraft is managed by the Mission Operations Complex (MOX) at ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) in Bengaluru throughout its mission life.

Mission Duration:

• AstroSat is designed for a minimum useful life of approximately 5 years.

Scientific Objectives:

• High Energy Processes: Investigate high-energy processes in binary star systems housing neutron stars and black holes.
• Magnetic Fields: Estimate magnetic fields associated with neutron stars.
• Star Birth Regions: Study star birth regions and high-energy processes in star systems beyond our galaxy.
• X-ray Source Detection: Identify new, transiently bright X-ray sources in the celestial sphere.
• Ultraviolet Survey: Conduct a limited deep-field survey of the Universe in the Ultraviolet region.

EXPLANATION:

• The Gulf of Aden is bordered to the south by Somalia, not the Socotra Islands. The northern boundary is formed by the southern coast of Yemen.
• The Socotra Islands, while nearby, are actually situated in the Arabian Sea, to the east of the Gulf of Aden. The gulf itself serves as a crucial waterway for maritime trade, connecting the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea. Hence, statement 1 is not  correct.
• The Gulf of Aden is connected to the Red Sea through the Bab el Mandeb strait, not the Guardafui Channel. The Bab el Mandeb strait, located to the southwest of Yemen, serves as a strategic chokepoint, controlling access to and from the Red Sea. The Guardafui Channel, on the other hand, is situated to the east of the Gulf of Aden, connecting it to the Indian Ocean. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• The Sheba Ridge is part of the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge system and extends through the center of the Gulf of Aden. It influences the tectonics of the region, contributing to the creation of the gulf. Tectonic activities along the Sheba Ridge have geological significance and impact the overall topography of the Gulf of Aden. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

EXPLANATION:

• Optical fibers are indeed thin, flexible, and cylindrical strands made primarily of glass. The glass core is surrounded by a cladding layer, and together, they form the structure that allows for the transmission of light signals. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Optical fibers enable the transmission of information in the form of light pulses. Due to the high refractive index of the glass core and the phenomenon of total internal reflection, light signals can travel through the optical fibers with minimal signal degradation, allowing for high-speed data transmission. The speed of light in optical fibers is approximately two-thirds of the speed of light in a vacuum. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Total internal reflection is a crucial principle in optical fiber communication. When light travels through the core of the optical fiber and encounters the cladding at an angle greater than the critical angle, it undergoes total internal reflection. This phenomenon allows the light signal to be guided along the fiber without significant loss of optical power. It is this property that enables optical fibers to transmit information over long distances efficiently. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

EXPLANATION:

The Amplifi 2.0 portal was recently launched by the Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

Amplifi 2.0 Portal: 

The Amplifi (Assessment and Monitoring Platform for Liveable, Inclusive, and Future-Ready Urban India) portal is a transformative initiative aimed at providing extensive data on Indian cities. This platform serves as a valuable resource for academics, researchers, and stakeholders, facilitating data-driven policymaking by consolidating raw data from various Indian cities onto a single accessible platform.

Key Features:

• Coverage: Currently, the portal has on-boarded 258 urban local bodies (ULBs), making data available for 150 cities across the country.
• Data Range: Amplifi 2.0 offers a diverse range of information for multiple cities. Examples include data on total diesel consumption and the number of samples tested for water quality, enabling a nuanced understanding of urban dynamics. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Urban Outcomes Framework 2022: Enhancing Data Focus for Effective Analysis

The Urban Outcomes Framework 2022, developed by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in collaboration with the National Institute of Urban Affairs and PwC India, represents a significant shift in urban data analysis. This framework emphasizes moving beyond traditional indices, offering a comprehensive list of indicators across 14 key sectors.

Key Features:

• Development: Crafted in partnership with the National Institute of Urban Affairs and PwC India, the framework places a heightened focus on data, encouraging a shift from indices to comprehensive indicators.
• Sectors Covered: The framework spans 14 critical sectors, including demography, economy, education, energy, environment, finance, governance, health, housing, mobility, planning, safety and security, solid waste management, and water and sanitation.
• Data Streamlining: The initiative streamlines data collection across these sectors, providing disaggregated data that can be analyzed by domain experts. This approach enhances the depth and accuracy of urban data analysis.
• Open Data Opportunities: The Urban Outcomes Framework 2022 not only strengthens existing data frameworks but also opens up new opportunities for creating innovative frameworks on open data. This aligns with the broader goal of fostering transparency and accessibility in urban data management.

EXPLANATION:

Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary: 

Location:

• Situated in the state of Karnataka, the Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary is a biodiverse region that has garnered attention for its natural richness. Hence, option (c) is correct.

Declaration of Wildlife Sanctuary:

• Established in 1974, the sanctuary received official recognition as a wildlife sanctuary, highlighting its significance in biodiversity conservation.

Dam Within the Sanctuary:

• Nestled within the sanctuary is the Tunga Anicut Dam, serving as a habitat for otters and various water bird species. This unique feature adds to the ecological diversity of the sanctuary.

Bird Sanctuary - Mandagadde:

• A notable component of the Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary is the Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary. Positioned on an island amidst the Tunga River, it is a favored nesting site for numerous bird species, enhancing the sanctuary's appeal.

Vegetation Cover:

• The sanctuary boasts a diverse landscape dominated by tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. The eastern and central parts feature dry and moist deciduous forests, while the western sections are characterized by semi-evergreen forests.

Flora and Fauna:

• Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary is a haven for a variety of wildlife. Notable inhabitants include white-backed vultures, Indian nightjars, and white-bellied dingoes. In addition to these, the sanctuary is also home to larger mammals like tigers, leopards, elephants, and sloth bears, showcasing the rich biodiversity thriving within its dense forested areas.

EXPLANATION:

• Guru Nanak laid the foundation for Sikhism with three fundamental principles:
• • Naam Japna: It emphasizes the constant remembrance of God's name through meditation and prayer.
  • Kirat Karni: Advocates honest and hard work as a means of living a righteous life.
  • Vand Chakna: Encourages selfless service and sharing with others, promoting community welfare. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Guru Nanak emphasized the oneness of God with the phrase 'Ek Omkar.' It signifies the belief in the singularity and universality of the divine, emphasizing the idea that there is only one eternal, formless, and all-encompassing God. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Guru Nanak introduced the concept of "Sangat," emphasizing the gathering of people from all walks of life to come together for worship, prayer, and community service. It promotes equality, unity, and the breaking down of social barriers, fostering a sense of brotherhood among followers. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Life and Teachings of Guru Nanak Dev:

1. Birth and Early Life:

• Guru Nanak was born on Purnima Tithi in Kartik 1469 in Rai Bhoi Ki Talwandi (now Nankana Sahib, Pakistan).
• Emphasized oneness, equality, and selfless service.

2. Spiritual Journeys:

• In the 16th century, embarked on extensive spiritual journeys known as ‘udasiya.’
• Traveled to Hindu and Muslim pilgrimage centers, spreading the message of oneness.
• Journeys reached as far as Sri Lanka, Baghdad, and Mecca.

3. Founding Sikhism:

• Founded Sikhism, a monotheistic religion blending Hindu and Muslim influences.
• Followers known as Sikhs.
• Guru Granth Sahib preserves his words in 974 poetic hymns.

4. Guru Nanak’s Philosophy:

• Centered around “Ik Onkar,” emphasizing oneness of God, equality, and selfless service.
• Emphasized compassion, honesty, and devotion to righteousness.

5. Legacy and Succession:

• Disciples (Sikhs) followed the routine of early rising, prayers, hymns, and selfless service.
• Guru Angad was chosen as successor, continuing the tradition of ‘langar.’

6. Death and Legacy:

• Guru Nanak passed away on September 22, 1539.
• Legacy lives on in Sikhism, inspiring righteousness, equality, and service.
• Guru Nanak Jayanti is celebrated worldwide.

Guru Nanak Dev’s Relevance for Modern India:

1. Vision of Equality:

• Guru Nanak’s vision of a casteless society through Langar, Pangat, and Sangat.
• Blueprint for establishing an egalitarian society.

2. Social Harmony:

• Concept of “Jeeye kaa ik daata” promoting the equality of all.
• Echoes the idea of “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” portraying the world as one family.
• Teachings of forgiveness, patience, and kindness foster social harmony.

3. Creating a Just Society:

• Emphasis on “kirat karo, naam japo, and vand chhako” for honest labor and sharing.
• Advocacy for “dasvandh” reflects commitment to social responsibility.
• “Seva” as a guiding principle for selfless service to mankind.

4. Gender Equality:

• Challenged oppression of women, asserting their equality.
• Emphasized women's equal responsibility and grace of God.
• Teachings underscore respect for women and advocate gender equality.

5. Bringing Peace:

• Despite India-Pakistan tensions, the Kartarpur corridor is an opportunity for regional normalization.
• Guru Nanak’s teachings inspire unity beyond religious and national boundaries.
• Kartarpur corridor as a catalyst for peace in the broader South-Asian region.

EXPLANATION:

Saurauia Punduana: 

Taxonomy:

Belonging to the Actinidiaceae family, Saurauia Punduana is a distinctive plant species with notable characteristics.

Floral Features:

• The flowers of Saurauia Punduana undergo a transformation from white to pink as they mature.
• Petals are pink, characterized by an ovate to obovate shape, and exhibit curling at the tip.

Fruit Characteristics:

• The fruits of this species are spherical, possessing a glossy white appearance.
• These fruits find utility in veterinary medicine, adding a unique dimension to their ecological importance.

Habitat:

• Saurauia Punduana thrives in subtropical forests, flourishing within altitudes ranging from 600 to 1800 meters.

Floral Structure:

• The flowers of this species are complete and bisexual, featuring functional male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) components.

Conservation Status:

• Internationally recognized for its vulnerability, Saurauia Punduana holds the status of a critically endangered species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Global Distribution:

• Found across a range of countries, including Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar, this species contributes to the biodiversity of various ecosystems.

Indian Presence:

• Within India, Saurauia Punduana is specifically located in states such as Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura, enriching the botanical diversity of the northeastern region. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Threats and Challenges:

• Saurauia species, including Punduana, face susceptibility to various threats, such as insect pests, viruses, and fungi. These threats extend to affecting leaves, fruits, and roots, emphasizing the challenges in preserving this unique plant species.

EXPLANATION:

Loktak Lake

Geographical Location:

• Positioned approximately 40 kilometres south of Imphal, Loktak Lake stands as the largest freshwater lake in Northeast India, becoming a captivating destination for tourists.

Distinctive Features:

• Renowned for its enchanting beauty, Loktak Lake is characterized by unique floating circular swamps known as "phumdis" in the local language.
• These phumdis, resembling islands, are composed of soil, organic matter, and a wide variety of vegetation. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Tourist Attraction:

• Drawing visitors from diverse locations, the lake's ethereal beauty is a major allure for those seeking a tranquil and picturesque environment.

Keibul Lamjao National Park:

• Within the expanse of Loktak Lake lies the Keibul Lamjao National Park, distinguished as the world's only floating national park.
• This park serves as the last sanctuary for the endangered brow-antlered deer, also known as Sangai, which holds the prestigious status of Manipur's state animal. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Biodiversity Riches:

• Loktak Lake boasts an impressive biodiversity, encompassing around 230 species of aquatic plants, 100 varieties of birds, and a diverse fauna population that includes barking deer, sambar, and the Indian python.

International Recognition:

• Acknowledging its ecological significance, Loktak Lake was initially recognized as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention in 1990.
• Further underscoring its importance, the lake was included in the Montreux Record in 1993, solidifying its status as a crucial environmental asset.

EXPLANATION:

Amaterasu

Named in homage to the Japanese sun goddess, Amaterasu stands out as one of the most powerful cosmic rays ever documented.

Energy Spectacle:

• Amaterasu boasts an astonishing energy magnitude surpassing 240 exa-electron volts (EeV), a level that exceeds particles produced in the Large Hadron Collider by millions of times.
• It stands as the second-highest-energy cosmic ray, trailing only the Oh-My-God particle, detected in 1991 at a formidable 320 EeV.

Extraordinary Power Comparison:

• The energy equivalence of Amaterasu exceeds the force of a golf ball hurtling at 95 mph, illustrating its exceptional cosmic potency.

Origin and Journey:

• Originating from the expansive Local Void, a vast and nearly vacant region bordering the Milky Way galaxy, Amaterasu embarks on an extraordinary journey through the cosmos.

Cosmic Rays: Messengers of Celestial Energy

• Origins:
  • Cosmic rays emerge from violent celestial occurrences that strip matter of subatomic structures, propelling it through the universe at speeds approaching that of light.
• Particle Diversity:
  • Comprising charged particles, cosmic rays encompass a variety of elements, including positive protons, negative electrons, and complete atomic nuclei.
• Earth Impact:
  • Continuously bombarding Earth, cosmic rays penetrate its upper atmosphere, engaging in collisions with oxygen and nitrogen nuclei and generating an array of secondary particles.
• Atmospheric Cascade:

Secondary particles, traveling a short distance within the atmosphere, initiate a cascade effect, setting off a shower of billions of particles that disperse across the Earth’s surface. Hence, option (b) is correct.

EXPLANATION:

PM-SHRI is a centrally sponsored scheme under the Ministry of Education designed for the comprehensive upgrade and development of over 14,500 schools across the nation. Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

Objectives:

• The scheme aims to fortify selected existing schools managed by the Central Government, State/UT Government, and local bodies.
• These schools are envisioned to embody all facets of the National Education Policy 2020, serving as exemplary institutions and providing mentorship to neighboring schools. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

Significance:

• PM-SHRI is strategically positioned to not only enhance the quality of teaching, learning, and cognitive development but also to nurture well-rounded individuals equipped with crucial 21st-century skills.

Pedagogical Approach:

• The adopted pedagogy emphasizes experiential, holistic, integrated, play/toy-based, inquiry-driven, discovery-oriented, learner-centered, discussion-based, flexible, and enjoyable methods.
• A pivotal focus is on achieving proficiency in learning outcomes for every child in every grade.

Assessment Framework:

• The assessment strategy at all levels is anchored in conceptual understanding and the application of knowledge to real-life situations, adhering to a competency-based approach.

Modern Infrastructure:

• PM-SHRI schools will be equipped with contemporary infrastructure, including state-of-the-art labs, smart classrooms, libraries, sports facilities, art rooms, and more, ensuring inclusivity and accessibility.

Green Initiatives:

• These schools will be developed as environmentally conscious institutions, incorporating water conservation, waste recycling, energy-efficient infrastructure, and the integration of an organic lifestyle into the curriculum.

EXPLANATION:

Global Digital Public Infrastructure Repository

The Global Digital Public Infrastructure Repository (GDPIR) is an initiative spearheaded by the Indian G20 Presidency, serving as a valuable resource for insights and knowledge derived from G20 member countries and guest nations. It aims to fill existing knowledge gaps in the effective design, construction, and deployment of population-scale Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI). Hence, statement 1 is not correct.

Key Objectives:

• Resource Hub: The repository acts as a centralized hub, consolidating crucial lessons and experiences from various countries involved in DPI projects.
• Knowledge Dissemination: It facilitates easy discoverability of key practices in the development and governance of DPI, addressing the need for shared insights.
• Participant Contribution: Each participant, based on their DPI framework, can choose to display relevant information, such as the use of open platforms, APIs, standards, and protocols. This sharing encourages collaborative learning and development.

Social Impact Fund (SIF):

• Purpose: The SIF, linked to the GDPIR, provides financial support to countries engaged in the development of DPIs, offering both technical and non-technical assistance. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• Contributions: Governments, international organizations, and philanthropies have the opportunity to contribute to the fund, fostering a collaborative approach to the advancement of DPI projects globally.
• India's Commitment: India, demonstrating its commitment to global digital initiatives, has pledged an initial sum of $25 million to the Social Impact Fund. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Concerns and Resolutions:

• Digital Inclusion: The rapid digitization of governance, while beneficial, raises concerns about unequal access for individuals lacking digital skills. The repository aims to address these concerns through shared insights and best practices.
• Data Privacy: DPIs involve extensive data collection, necessitating robust data protection measures. Recent data breaches highlight the importance of strengthening data security and privacy frameworks.

Significance for India:

• Digital Leadership: Through the GDPIR and SIF, India positions itself as a leader in the digital realm, sharing resources and codes to foster global digital growth.
• Infrastructure Provider: India's active participation in digital initiatives positions it as a crucial provider of digital infrastructure on the global stage.
• Strategic Positioning: By emphasizing DPI development, India differentiates itself strategically, complementing other nations' strengths, such as China's prowess in hardware.

EXPLANATION:

Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs)

• GLVs constitute a diverse group of organic compounds emitted by plants, notably in response to stress, herbivory, or mechanical damage.
• These compounds, characterized by their green, leafy aroma, primarily consist of six-carbon aldehydes, alcohols, and esters.

Composition and Types:

• Aldehydes: Hexenal and hexanal, contributing to a fresh, grassy scent.
• Alcohols: Hexenol and hexanol, associated with floral aromas.
• Esters: Hexyl acetate, with fruity or sweet aromas crucial for plant signaling and defense.

Functions and Roles:

• Plant Defense: Integral to a plant's defense mechanism against herbivores and pathogens, GLVs signal neighboring plants to prepare for potential threats. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Insect Communication: Serve as attractants or repellents for insects, influencing plant-insect and plant-plant interactions.
• Abiotic Stress Responses: Released in response to environmental stresses, aiding in adaptation and survival by signaling stress and triggering protective responses.
• Microorganism Interactions: Modulate relationships between plants and microorganisms in the rhizosphere, impacting plant health and growth.

Environmental Significance:

• Air Quality and Climate: As volatile organic compounds (VOCs), GLVs contribute to atmospheric chemistry, influencing air quality and climate through the formation of secondary organic aerosols.
• Ecosystem Dynamics: Shape interactions within ecosystems by influencing plant-plant, plant-insect, and plant-microbe relationships.

Research and Applications:

• Agriculture: Understanding GLVs aids in developing strategies for pest control, crop protection, and enhancing plant resistance to stress, thereby improving agricultural productivity.

Aroma and Flavor Industry: Some GLVs find application in the food and fragrance industries due to their pleasant odors and flavors, used in perfumes, food additives, and essential oils. Hence, statement 2 is correct.