23 Sep Human development report 2021-22
Human development report 2021-22
The article includes the Human development report 2021-22, Human Development Index, Gender Development Index, Gender Inequality Index, and Multidimensional Poverty Index. The topic tells how these aspects impact the Social Development and economics of India.
Pre: social development and economics
Mains: GS paper III Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth, development and employment, Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country.
Why is it the news?
Recently the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) released the latest Human Development Report (HDR)
Generally, the country’s score on Human Development is checked on the basis of the Human Development Index (HDI) and compared to the global average and score of some other comparable countries
The HDI consists of three broad parameters: longevity, education and income per capita
What is the Human Development report?
It aims to come up with the expansion of opportunities, choice and freedom, choice and freedom.
UNDP has been releasing Human Development Reports (HDRs) since 1990 and has surveyed different themes through the human development approach.
Human Development Report 2021-22 is themed on “ uncertain Times, unsettled lives unsettled lives: Shaping our future in a world in transformation.”
The human development Index :
HDI is a static index that checks the betterment of human development on the basis of four indicators
Life expectancy at birth
Expected years of schooling
Mean years of schooling
Gross national income
It was started when two renowned economists from Mahbub ul Haq from Pakistan and Amartya Sen from India created the measure.
It was created as a compliment to the GDP, as it focused on the importance of human development in the growth process.
The Human Development Index 2021-2022.
Life expectancy drop:
A large contributor to the Human Development Index’s recent decline is a global drop in life expectancy, down
In the last two years, life expectancy dropped to 71.4 years in 2021 from 72.8 years in 2019.
In the last two years, the pandemic put a devastating impact on billions of people worldwide, also the wars like Covid -19 and the war in Ukraine hit and interacted with the extent the social and economical shifts and hazardous planetary Changes.
The tops scoring countries are:
European countries performed best overall, holding 8 top positions in the top 10.
The list of the countries with their score is
| Switzerland | (1, 0.962) |
| Norway | (2, 0.961), |
| Iceland | (3, 0.959) |
| Denmark | (6, 0.948), |
| Sweden | (7, 0.947) |
| Ireland | (8, 0.945), |
| Germany | (9, 0.942) |
| Netherlands | (10, 0.941). |
Asian countries:
Sri Lanka come up as the best performer in the Indian Sub-continent, at 73, with an index value of .782
Followed by China (79 and 0.768),
- Bhutan (127 and 0.666),
- Bangladesh (129 and 0.661)
- India
- Nepal (143 and 0.602)
- Pakistan (161 and 0.544).
India scored 0.633 on the 2021 Human Development Index, which is considered lower than the world average of 0.732.
- The life expectancy of India in 2021, is recorded at 67.2 years, at birth.
Schooling in India: Expected years of schooling at 11.9 years and mean years of schooling at 6.7 years,
The Gross National Income per capita of India stood at USD 6,590.
India’s gender inequality has ranked 122 on the Gender Inequality Index.
The IHDI indicates a percentage loss in HDI due to inequality.
| country
(HDI rank) |
world | India (132) | Switzerland(1) | China (79) |
| when HDI
adjusts the inequality |
19% fall | 25% fall | 7% fall | 15% fall |
| income
share held by poorest 40% of |
18% | 20% | 20% | 17% |
| Income share
held by the richest 1% |
17% | 22% | 12% | 14% |
The IHDI value in 2019 for India was 0.537 (16.8% overall loss).
Gender Development Index:
- It checks the disparities in the HDI by the Gender
| country
(HDI rank) |
world | India (132) | Switzerland(1) | China (79) |
| GDI | 0.958 | 0.849 | 0.967 | 0.958 |
| GNI per capita
for women (in 2017 PPP$) |
12,241 | 2,277 | 53,597 | 13,980 |
| Income share
held by the richest 1% |
21,210 | 10,633 | 79,451 | 20,883 |
The GDI value for India in 2021 is 0.490.
HDI metric women are legging behind men the most is the income per capita.
Gender Inequality Index:
| Country
(HDI rank) |
world | India(132) | China(79) | Switzerland(1) |
| Maternal mortality
ratio(death per 100,000 lives births) |
225 | 122 | 29 | 5 |
| adolescent
birth rate (birth per 1,000 women ages 15-19) |
43 | 17 | 11 | 2.2 |
| share of seats in
Parliament (% held by women) |
26 | 13 | 25 | 40 |
| female population
with at least some secondary education (% ages 25 and older) |
64 | 42 | 78 | 97 |
| labour force
participation rate (% ages 15 and older ) |
46 | 19 | 62 | 62 |
| GII | 0.465 | 0.49 | 0.192 | 0.018 |
The gender Inequality Index (GII) presents a complex measure of gender inequality using three dimensions:
In GII, India is at the 122nd rank.
Reproductive health,
Empowerment and
The labour market.
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI):.
The MPI is used to check the many problems that are faced by the people of developing countries in their health, education and standard of living.
In India, it was reported in 2019, that India had more than 382 million suffering from multidimensional poverty.
| Country
(HDI rank) |
India | Bangladesh | China | brazil |
| Population in
severe MPI(in %) |
8.8 | 6.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 |
| Population in
vulnerable MPI(in %) |
19.3 | 18.2 | 17.4 | 6.2 |
| Population living
below income poverty line (%) (PPP $1.90 a day) |
22.5 | 14.2 | 0.5 | 4.2 |
Planetary pressures-adjusted Human Development Index:
It balances the HDI for planetary pressures in the Anthropogenic to reflect a concern for intergenerational inequality, similar to the Inequality-adjusted HDI adjustment — which is motivated by a concern for intragenerational inequality.
The PHDI value can be determined as the level of human development adjusted by CO2 emitted per person and the material footprint per person to account for excessive human pressure on the planet.
Sources :
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